Mitrailleurs in de Breestraat van Leiden
Wouter Linmans
Als ik door de Breestraat fiets, moet ik vaak denken aan Jacob de Bruin. Bewoners van de Haagse Schilderswijk leerden hem in de jaren twintig van de vorige eeuw kennen als ‘Meester De Bruin’, directeur en bezielend leider van clubhuis De Mussen dat hij in 1926 oprichtte om ontspanning en ontwikkeling te bieden aan de jeugd uit het armste deel van de wijk. De Bruin ontwikkelde zich tot een graag geziene figuur in de gemeenschap, hij was de ‘Koning der Mussen’.

De Bruin werd in 1896 in Leiden geboren als zoon van een schoenmaker. Over zijn jeugd is weinig bekend, maar het laat zich raden dat het milieu waarin hij opgroeide bepalend is geweest voor zijn politieke opvattingen. Zo was hij lid van de Zaaier, de jeugdafdeling van de Sociaal Democratische Partij, de latere communistische partij in Nederland. In de Eerste Wereldoorlog werd hij als dienstplichtig soldaat onder de wapenen geroepen. Hij was gelegerd in fort Bath in Zeeland. Het moet een monotoon bestaan geweest zijn: exerceren, wachtlopen, eindeloos turen over de Westerschelde. Voor De Bruin en veel andere Nederlandse dienstplichtigen lag tussen 1914 en 1918 niet zozeer de vijand maar vooral de verveling op de loer. Een vriend zou later verklaren dat De Bruin een aanzienlijk deel van zijn diensttijd op het strafbankje heeft doorgebracht.

Aan het einde van de oorlog liet De Bruin zich als overtuigd communist meeslepen door de ontwikkelingen in het buitenland. In Duitsland werd de oorlog in november 1918 opgevolgd door een gewelddadige revolutie. Soldaten, matrozen en arbeiders hadden hun buik vol van de oorlog, en kwamen in opstand. In veel steden werd het straatbeeld bepaald door rode vlaggen, machinegeweren en vrachtwagens vol gewapende soldaten. Het nieuws van de revolutie in Duitsland zorgde onder Nederlandse socialisten voor grote opwinding: in Den Haag verslikte Troelstra zich in een revolutionaire toespraak in de Tweede Kamer, en in Amsterdam gingen op 13 november zo’n drieduizend revolutionairen de straat op. De Bruin was in Leiden betrokken bij de oprichting van een communistische soldatenraad, die in samenspraak met lokale arbeidersraden de kern van een nieuwe, socialistische samenleving moest vormen.

Op dinsdag 12 november vond in lokaal Dool aan de Oude Heerengracht, het vaste vergaderlokaal van de Leidse communisten, een revolutionaire bijeenkomst plaats. Daar ontvouwde De Bruin zijn plannen om het stadhuis te bezetten. Hij wilde met zijn compagnie enkele machinegeweren plaatsen aan weerszijden van het stadhuis in de Breestraat. Het raadhuis zou in een onneembare vesting veranderen en het stadsbestuur zou effectief in handen van de revolutionairen vallen. De centrale ligging, de breedte van de straat en de lichte glooiing in het wegdek maakten de Breestraat tot een even belangrijke als verdedigbare positie.

Zover zou het uiteindelijk niet komen. De voorzitter van de vergadering wist de gemoederen te bedaren, en enkele dagen later liep de stormachtige week alweer ten einde. Op maandag 18 november werden koningin Wilhelmina en prinses Juliana feestelijk gehuldigd op het Malieveld in Den Haag. Ook Leiden vierde die avond feest. ‘Hoe lang was het geleden dat door onze stad, in normale tijden niet karig bedeeld met avondommegangen en serenades, zulk een stoet trok!’ schreef een journalist van het Leidsch Dagblad. Leidenaren trokken in een fakkeloptocht naar het huis van burgemeester De Gijselaar, die op een feestelijk eerbetoon werd getrakteerd. Daarna trok de stoet door naar het huis van de garnizoenscommandant die eveneens een ovatie in ontvangst mocht nemen.

Met name rond de Stadsgehoorzaal en de studentensociëteit Minerva aan de Breestraat heerste een uitgelaten stemming. Werd in de Stadsgehoorzaal gejuicht, dan juichten de mensen op straat mee; werd er gezongen, dan zong men buiten mee. Op de Breestraat ging het feestgedruis tot laat in de avond door. Het leek wel alsof de bevolking de jaarlijkse viering van het Leidens Ontzet, die in oorlogstijd in uitgeklede vorm had plaatsgevonden, nu wilde inhalen. Dat de burgemeester een tapverbod afvaardigde, mocht de pret niet drukken. ‘Gespring, gedans. Gezang, gejoel. Uitgelaten vreugde. Waarom ook niet?’ schreef de verslaggever van het Leidsch Dagblad. ‘’t Stond er eerst zoo angstverwekkend voor. Nu was het grootste gevaar geweken. Men was dankbaar, vol goede hoop en blijde’. Ook in de dagen die volgden, trokken feestvierders door de Breestraat: militairen gingen op de foto op het bordes van het stadhuis, fanfarecorpsen trokken met banieren voorbij, en op donderdag ging voor het stadhuis een grote kinderoptocht van start.
De gespannen revolutiedagen, het plan met de mitrailleurs rond het stadhuis, en de feestelijke ontlading na afloop – dat zijn de beelden en verhalen waaraan ik denk als ik met een volle boodschappentas door de Breestraat fiets.
Meer lezen over de revolutiedagen in Leiden? Al in 1988 publiceerde Jaak Slangen over dit onderwerp in het Leids Jaarboekje: ‘November 1918 in Leiden: Revolutie of contrarevolutie?’ Het is online beschikbaar.
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